The Maturity of DeFi Requires a Shift from Automated Market Makers to Central Limit Order Books

Effective trading mechanisms are crucial to DeFi, as without them, the entire ecosystem would struggle to operate efficiently and attract users, ultimately limiting its growth and impact. Currently, DeFi primarily relies on Automated Market Makers (AMMs), while Central Limit Order Books (CLOBs) are emerging as an alternative.

\ Automated Market Makers (AMMs) revolutionized DeFi asset trading by enabling straightforward swaps without the need for traditional order books. Their user-friendly approach has made AMMs the dominant trading method in DeFi, allowing users to trade directly from their wallets without needing to navigate complex order types. However, a new mechanism is gaining traction across DeFi: Central Limit Order Books (CLOBs).

\ While CLOBs have long been a staple in traditional finance, their adoption in DeFi is still in its early stages. CLOBs require high transaction throughput and low latency to match and execute orders efficiently, which poses a challenge for most blockchains—especially Ethereum—before the advent of rollups and sharding. As blockchain scalability improves, L2 solutions like Fuel are making CLOBs a viable option, by allowing developers to build smart contracts that require high performance virtual machines to be efficient.

\ The emergence of DeFi based CLOBS signals that the DeFi sector is maturing and positioning itself for a wave of institutional engagement. Additionally, the integration of both AMMs and CLOBs can help create a robust DeFi ecosystem that accommodates a diverse user base, leveraging the strengths of each to meet varying trading needs.

AMMs use an algorithm to price assets based on the constant product formula and its derivatives, the most popular being, x*y=k. AMMs enable traders to exchange assets directly from liquidity pools without requiring a counterparty, unlike traditional order books. Instead, on AMMs traders trade against the liquidity of passive liquidity providers who earn fees for providing liquidity to the protocol.

\ This approach has been revolutionary in DeFi, allowing anyone to provide liquidity and participate in trading without needing to be a professional trader or quant.

CLOBs facilitate efficient and transparent trading by matching buy and sell orders based on price and time priority. Traders submit various types of orders, including market, limit, and stop orders. CLOBs continuously update to reflect current market conditions, showing outstanding buy and sell orders and providing insights into market depth.

\ For instance, if a trader wants to buy 1 Bitcoin at $60,000, they submit  a limit order to  the CLOB. If a seller is willing to sell 1 Bitcoin at $60,000, the two orders can be  matched, and the trade is executed. If no seller is available at that price, the order remains in the book until a matching seller is found.

\ The  speed and precision of CLOBs make them ideal for high-frequency and algorithmic trading, attracting professional traders and institutional investors by offering greater flexibility and control.

\ Key Differences Between CLOBs and AMMs

| Feature | Automated Market Makers (AMMs) | Central Limit Order Books (CLOBs) | |----|----|----| | Mechanism | Algorithmic pricing based on the constant product formula (x*y=k) | Order matching based on price-time priority \n | | Users | Suitable for both casual and advanced users; offers customizable strategies, especially with advancements like UniV4. | Favoured by professional traders for precise control but also adaptable for various user levels depending on the platform. | | Order Types | Simple swaps, no advanced order types | Advanced order types like limit orders, stop orders, and conditional orders | | Capital Efficiency | Capital inefficient due to most liquidity sitting idle along the bonding curve | More capital efficient, matching buyers and sellers directly, | | Trading Strategies | Supports both basic and advanced trading strategies with customizable liquidity provision in UniV4. | Supports sophisticated trading strategies and high-frequency trading | | User Expertise | Easy to use, typically features simpler UI | Requires more expertise, designed for advanced trading capabilities | | Decentralization | Completely decentralized, governed by smart contracts | Can be decentralized but typically involves a more complex architecture | | Advanced Features | Supports advanced features like buy/sell limit orders and customizable liquidity provision, especially with UniV4 | Offers better price discovery and enhanced order types, reducing arbitrage opportunities and benefiting from more precise market equilibrium |

\ Why Will CLOBs Play an Important Role in the Next Phase of DeFi?

\ The next wave of DeFi growth is expected to be driven by increasing institutional investment and interest. According to Northern Trust, financial institutions are preparing for significant adoption of digital assets and tokenization, which is expected to accelerate institutional DeFi over the next few years. Additionally, industry experts predict substantial growth in DeFi due to the tokenization of real-world assets, further attracting institutional investors. Binance Research notes that the total value locked (TVL) in DeFi has surged by 75.1% year-to-date, reaching $94.9 billion, with significant capital inflows. It also highlights that yield-bearing assets saw a 148.6% increase, now making up $9.1 billion of the TVL. This influx of capital has benefited nearly every DeFi sector, making previously inaccessible financial primitives available on chain.

\ To accommodate this shift, DeFi must evolve beyond the limitations of AMMs, which are well-suited for everyday users, and develop infrastructure that meets the demands of more sophisticated traders. This is where CLOBs have the potential to become a game-changer for DeFi, offering advanced trading capabilities, superior price discovery, and improved capital efficiency to support the needs of institutional participants.